The sensors that monitor the speed and rotation of each wheel in the anti-lock braking system (ABS). They send signals to the ABS controller, which compares the wheel speeds and determines if any wheel is locking up or skidding. It then modulates the brake pressure on each wheel to prevent skidding and maintain traction. For example, ABS sensors can help the driver to brake safely and effectively on slippery or uneven surfaces.
The rate of change of speed or velocity of a vehicle. It is measured in meters per second squared (m/s^2) or kilometers per hour squared (km/h^2). A higher acceleration means the vehicle can increase its speed faster. For example, a sports car may have an acceleration of 10 m/s^2, while a truck may have an acceleration of 2 m/s^2.
A feature that automatically opens and closes the grille vents of the vehicle to optimize the airflow and aerodynamics. It can reduce the drag and improve the fuel efficiency and performance of the vehicle. It can also help the engine to warm up faster or cool down better. Active grille shutters can close the vents when the vehicle is cruising at high speed, or open the vents when the vehicle is idling or towing a load.
The systems that help the driver to avoid or prevent accidents by enhancing the vehicle’s handling, braking, and visibility. They include features such as anti-lock braking system (ABS), electronic stability control (ESC), traction control system (TCS), lane keeping assist (LKA), blind spot monitoring (BSM), and adaptive cruise control (ACC). This systems can help the driver to maintain control of the vehicle in slippery or emergency situations.
A type of suspension system that can adjust the stiffness and damping of the shock absorbers and springs according to the road conditions and driving style. It uses sensors, actuators, and a computer to control the suspension components.
Active suspension can improve the ride comfort, handling, and stability of the vehicle. For example, an active suspension can soften the suspension when driving on a bumpy road, or stiffen the suspension when cornering at high speed.
Actuators are devices that convert energy, usually electrical or hydraulic, into mechanical motion. They are essential in various mechanical systems to control movement and positioning. Actuators can be linear or rotary, depending on the type of motion required. Linear actuators move in a straight line, while rotary actuators produce rotational motion. They are commonly used in robotics, automation, aerospace, and automotive industries. In a vehicle, actuators are found in the suspension system to adjust the stiffness of shock absorbers, in the engine to control valve positions, and in the transmission to shift gears. Actuators are also used in industrial machinery to control the movement of robotic arms and in medical devices to provide precise control of instruments.
A system that automatically adjusts the speed and distance of the vehicle to the traffic ahead. It uses sensors, such as radar or cameras, to detect the speed and position of the vehicles in front and behind. It can also brake or accelerate the vehicle to maintain a safe and comfortable gap. For example, adaptive cruise control can help the driver to avoid collisions or reduce fatigue on long trips.
Adhesive bonding is a method of joining materials using an adhesive substance. It is widely used in various industries due to its ability to bond different types of materials together. Technically, adhesive bonding involves applying an adhesive to the surfaces to be joined and allowing it to cure, creating a strong bond. In mechanical engineering, adhesive bonding is used in automotive manufacturing to join body panels, in aerospace to bond composite materials, and in electronics to secure components. It is also used in construction to bond materials like glass, metal, and plastic.
The study of how air flows around and through a vehicle and how it affects its performance, fuel efficiency, and noise. Aerodynamics can be improved by reducing the drag (air resistance) and lift (upward force) of the vehicle. For example, a vehicle with a streamlined shape, a low roof, and a rear spoiler can have better aerodynamics than a vehicle with a boxy shape, a high roof, and no spoiler.
The parts and accessories that are not made by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) of the vehicle. They are usually sold and installed by independent dealers, repair shops, or online retailers. They can be used to replace, upgrade, or customize the vehicle. For example, aftermarket parts can offer more variety, lower cost, or better quality than OEM parts, depending on the brand and the purpose.
An air compressor is a device that converts power (using an electric motor or a diesel engine) into potential energy stored in pressurized air. It compresses air into a storage tank, which can then be used to power pneumatic tools, inflate tires, and operate air-operated machinery. Technically, air compressors use a piston or a rotary screw mechanism to compress air. In industrial settings, air compressors are used to power tools like nail guns, drills, and sanders. They are also used in automotive service stations to inflate tires and in manufacturing plants to operate pneumatic valves and actuators.
A system that cools and dehumidifies the air inside the vehicle. It uses a compressor, a condenser, an evaporator, and a refrigerant, a fluid that absorbs and releases heat, to circulate and condition the air. It can also filter the air and remove dust, pollen, and odors. 
A device that cleans the air that enters the engine or the cabin of the vehicle. It removes dust, dirt, pollen, and other particles from the air. A clean air filter can improve the engine performance, fuel economy, and emissions of the vehicle.
It can also improve the air quality and comfort inside the vehicle. For example, an air filter can prevent the engine from getting clogged with dirt, or prevent the passengers from breathing in allergens.
An air gap is a space filled with air between two components, often used in electrical and mechanical systems to prevent direct contact and reduce heat transfer or electrical conduction. Technically, the air gap acts as an insulator, preventing the transfer of heat or electrical current. In mechanical engineering, air gaps are used in transformers to prevent magnetic saturation and in cooling systems to reduce heat transfer. They are also used in automotive engines to prevent overheating and in electrical systems to prevent short circuits.
An air intake system is a component of an internal combustion engine that supplies air to the engine for combustion. It consists of an air filter, intake manifold, and other components that help to clean, cool, and direct air into the engine. Technically, the air intake system ensures that the engine receives a steady supply of clean air, which is essential for efficient combustion and performance. In automotive applications, the air intake system is found under the hood, connected to the engine. It helps to improve fuel efficiency, reduce emissions, and enhance engine performance.
An air spring is a type of suspension component that uses compressed air to provide support and cushioning. It is an alternative to traditional steel springs and offers adjustable ride height and stiffness. Technically, an air spring consists of a flexible air bladder that is pressurized to provide support. In automotive applications, air springs are used in high-end vehicles to provide a smooth and adjustable ride. They are also used in commercial vehicles and industrial machinery to provide adjustable suspension systems.
A safety device that inflates rapidly in the event of a collision to protect the occupants of the vehicle from impact. It is usually located in the steering wheel, the dashboard, the doors, and the seats of the vehicle. It uses sensors, a gas generator, and a fabric bag to deploy the airbag. Airbags can reduce the risk of injury and death in a crash.
For example, an airbag can cushion the head and chest of the driver or passenger from hitting the steering wheel or the windshield.
An airfoil is a shape designed to generate lift when it moves through the air. It is commonly used in the wings of aircraft and in the blades of propellers and turbines. Technically, an airfoil's shape is designed to create a pressure difference between its upper and lower surfaces, resulting in lift. In aerospace engineering, airfoils are used in airplane wings, helicopter rotors, and wind turbine blades. They are also used in automotive applications for aerodynamic components like spoilers and air dams.
The adjustment of the angles and positions of the wheels and axles of the vehicle. It affects the steering, handling, and tire wear of the vehicle. Alignment can be checked and corrected by using special equipment and tools. Proper alignment can improve the safety, performance, and fuel efficiency of the vehicle. For example, an alignment can prevent the vehicle from pulling to one side, or prevent the tires from wearing unevenly.
A device that is used to check and adjust the alignment of the wheels and axles of the vehicle. It consists of a platform that lifts the vehicle off the ground, and a set of sensors, cameras, and gauges that measure the angles and positions of the wheels and axles. It can also be connected to a computer that displays the alignment data and provides instructions for the alignment technician.
Alloy steel is a type of steel that has been alloyed with one or more elements to improve its properties, such as strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance. It is widely used in mechanical engineering due to its versatility and enhanced performance. Technically, alloy steel contains elements like chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and vanadium, which enhance its mechanical properties. In automotive applications, alloy steel is used in critical components like axles, gears, and suspension parts. It is also used in construction for reinforcing bars and structural components.
A type of wheel that is made of a mixture of metals, such as aluminum, magnesium, or titanium. Alloy wheels are lighter, stronger, and more durable than steel wheels. They can also improve the appearance, cooling, and braking of the vehicle. For example, alloy wheels can reduce the weight and inertia of the vehicle, or increase the airflow and heat dissipation around the brakes.
Alternating current (AC) is a type of electrical current that periodically reverses direction. It is the standard form of electrical power used in homes and businesses worldwide. Technically, AC is generated by alternating generators and is characterized by its sinusoidal waveform. In mechanical engineering, AC is used to power various electrical components, such as motors, transformers, and control systems. It is also used in HVAC systems, lighting, and other applications where electrical power is required.
A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy in the form of alternating current (AC). It is usually driven by a belt connected to the engine. It supplies power to the electrical components and accessories of the vehicle, such as the lights, the radio, and the windows.
It also charges the battery, which stores electrical energy in the form of direct current (DC). For example, an alternator can provide power to the headlights, or recharge the battery after starting the engine.
Aluminum alloy is a material made by combining aluminum with other elements to enhance its properties, such as strength, durability, and corrosion resistance. It is widely used in various industries due to its lightweight and high strength-to-weight ratio. Technically, aluminum alloys are classified based on their composition and properties. For example, 6061 aluminum is a versatile alloy known for its good strength and corrosion resistance. Aluminum alloys are used in automotive parts, such as engine blocks, wheels, and body panels, as well as in aerospace components, construction materials, and consumer products.
Aluminum alloy 7075 is a high-strength aluminum alloy known for its excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. It is commonly used in applications where high strength and low weight are required. Technically, 7075 alloy contains zinc as the primary alloying element, along with copper, magnesium, and chromium, which enhance its strength and durability. In mechanical engineering, 7075 aluminum is used in aerospace components, such as aircraft frames and wings, as well as in automotive parts, sporting equipment, and other high-performance applications. It is valued for its combination of strength and lightweight properties.
An aluminum can is a lightweight, recyclable container made from aluminum alloy. It is widely used for packaging beverages and food products. Technically, aluminum cans are produced through a process called can making, which involves rolling aluminum sheets into thin walls and forming them into cans using a series of dies and presses. In the packaging industry, aluminum cans are valued for their lightweight, durability, and recyclability. They are used for soda, beer, energy drinks, and various food products, providing a convenient and eco-friendly packaging solution.
Aluminum casting is a manufacturing process that involves pouring molten aluminum into a mold to create a specific shape. It is used to produce complex parts with high precision. Technically, the process involves heating aluminum to its melting point and pouring it into a mold, where it solidifies into the desired shape. In mechanical engineering, aluminum casting is used to produce engine components, such as cylinder heads and blocks, as well as automotive parts like wheels and suspension components. It is also used in consumer products and industrial machinery to create lightweight, durable parts.
Aluminum casting is a manufacturing process that involves pouring molten aluminum into a mold to create a specific shape. It is used to produce complex parts with high precision. Technically, the process involves heating aluminum to its melting point and pouring it into a mold, where it solidifies into the desired shape. In mechanical engineering, aluminum casting is used to produce engine components, such as cylinder heads and blocks, as well as automotive parts like wheels and suspension components. It is also used in consumer products and industrial machinery to create lightweight, durable parts.
An aluminum casting machine is a specialized piece of equipment used to cast aluminum parts. It is designed to control the casting process, ensuring consistent quality and precision. Technically, the machine heats aluminum to its melting point and pours it into a mold, where it solidifies into the desired shape. In manufacturing, aluminum casting machines are used to produce a wide range of components, from small parts to large structural elements. They are essential for creating precise and consistent parts in high-volume production.
An aluminum casting mold is a tool used in the aluminum casting process to shape molten aluminum into a specific form. It is typically made from steel or other durable materials and is designed to withstand high temperatures and pressures. Technically, the mold is created with a cavity that matches the desired shape of the final product. In manufacturing, aluminum casting molds are used to produce a wide range of components, from small parts to large structural elements. They are essential for creating precise and consistent parts in high-volume production.
An aluminum casting mold is a tool used in the aluminum casting process to shape molten aluminum into a specific form. It is typically made from steel or other durable materials and is designed to withstand high temperatures and pressures. Technically, the mold is created with a cavity that matches the desired shape of the final product. In manufacturing, aluminum casting molds are used to produce a wide range of components, from small parts to large structural elements. They are essential for creating precise and consistent parts in high-volume production.
An aluminum extrusion die is a tool used in the aluminum extrusion process to shape molten aluminum into a specific cross-sectional profile. It is typically made from high-strength steel and has a precisely machined opening that determines the shape of the extruded material. Technically, the die is mounted on an extrusion press, and molten aluminum is forced through it under high pressure. In manufacturing, aluminum extrusion dies are used to produce a wide range of products, from automotive parts to construction materials and consumer products. They are essential for creating complex shapes with high precision.
An aluminum extrusion frame is a structural framework made from aluminum extrusions. It is lightweight, durable, and versatile, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. Technically, the frame is assembled from extruded aluminum profiles that are cut to size and joined together using connectors or welding. In mechanical engineering, aluminum extrusion frames are used to build workstations, machine guards, and structural supports. They are also used in automotive and aerospace applications for lightweight structural components.
Aluminum foil is a thin sheet of aluminum, typically used for packaging and insulation. It is known for its lightweight, flexibility, and barrier properties. Technically, aluminum foil is produced by rolling aluminum ingots into thin sheets. In mechanical engineering, aluminum foil is used in thermal insulation, where it reflects heat and reduces heat transfer. It is also used in food packaging to preserve freshness and in electrical applications as a conductive layer.
Aluminum foil tape is a type of adhesive tape made from aluminum foil. It is commonly used for sealing and insulating ducts, as well as for various repair and construction applications. Technically, the tape consists of a thin layer of aluminum foil backed with a strong adhesive. In HVAC systems, aluminum foil tape is used to seal duct joints and prevent air leaks, ensuring efficient air distribution. It is also used in construction for weatherproofing and in automotive applications for sealing and insulating components.
A type of lighting that creates a soft and pleasant illumination inside the vehicle. It uses LED lights that are installed in various locations, such as the dashboard, the door panels, the footwells, or the cup holders. It can also change the color and intensity of the lights according to the mood, the time, or the driving mode.
The temperature of the air surrounding the vehicle. It can affect the performance and efficiency of the engine, the battery, the air conditioning, and other systems. It can also influence the tire pressure and the fuel consumption. For example, ambient temperature can cause the engine to overheat or underperform, or the battery to lose charge or capacity.
An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the power of a signal. It takes a weak input signal and produces a stronger output signal. Amplifiers are used in various applications, including audio systems, telecommunications, and control systems. Technically, an amplifier uses transistors or vacuum tubes to amplify the input signal. In automotive applications, amplifiers are used in car audio systems to boost the sound signal from the head unit to the speakers. They are also used in industrial control systems to amplify sensor signals for better accuracy and reliability.
An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is an electronic device that converts analog signals into digital signals. It is essential in various applications where analog data needs to be processed digitally. Technically, an ADC samples the analog signal at regular intervals and converts each sample into a digital value. In mechanical engineering, ADCs are used in control systems to convert sensor data into digital signals that can be processed by microcontrollers or computers. They are found in systems like temperature sensors, pressure sensors, and position sensors, enabling precise control and monitoring of mechanical processes.
An anchor bolt is a type of fastener used to secure structures to a foundation. It consists of a threaded bolt embedded in concrete, with a nut and washer on the exposed end. Anchor bolts are essential in construction and industrial applications to provide stability and support. They are used to attach columns, beams, and other structural elements to concrete foundations. In mechanical engineering, anchor bolts are used to secure machinery to the floor, ensuring it remains stable during operation. They are also used in bridges, buildings, and other large structures to anchor critical components.
An anchor plate is a metal plate used to distribute the load of an anchor bolt over a larger area, providing additional stability and support. It is typically used in construction and industrial applications where heavy machinery or structures need to be securely fastened to a foundation. Technically, the anchor plate is bolted to the foundation and then connected to the structure or machinery. This helps prevent movement and ensures the stability of the entire system. Anchor plates are found in buildings, bridges, and industrial plants, where they support columns, beams, and heavy equipment.
An anemometer is a device used to measure wind speed and direction. It is a crucial tool in meteorology and environmental science. The most common type is the cup anemometer, which consists of three or four cups mounted on horizontal arms that rotate around a vertical axis. As the wind blows, the cups spin, and the rotational speed is proportional to the wind speed. Anemometers are also used in HVAC systems to measure air velocity and ensure proper airflow. They are found on weather stations, in wind turbines to optimize blade angles, and in laboratories to measure airflow in wind tunnels.
An anemometer is a device used to measure wind speed and direction. It is a crucial tool in meteorology and environmental science. The most common type is the cup anemometer, which consists of three or four cups mounted on horizontal arms that rotate around a vertical axis. As the wind blows, the cups spin, and the rotational speed is proportional to the wind speed. Anemometers are also used in HVAC systems to measure air velocity and ensure proper airflow. They are found on weather stations, in wind turbines to optimize blade angles, and in laboratories to measure airflow in wind tunnels.
An angle grinder is a handheld power tool used for cutting, grinding, and polishing various materials. It consists of a motor, a grinding wheel or cutting disc, and a handle for control. Angle grinders are versatile tools used in metalworking, construction, and automotive repair. Technically, the motor drives the grinding wheel at high speeds, allowing for efficient material removal. In automotive workshops, angle grinders are used to cut and shape metal parts, remove rust, and polish surfaces. They are also used in construction to cut rebar, tiles, and other materials.
Angle iron is a type of metal beam with an L-shaped cross-section, typically used in construction and engineering applications. It is made from steel or aluminum and is known for its strength and versatility. Technically, angle iron is manufactured by rolling steel or aluminum into the desired shape. In construction, angle iron is used to support structures, reinforce beams, and create frameworks. It is also used in mechanical engineering to build frames, supports, and other structural components.
An angular contact ball bearing is a type of rolling element bearing that can support both radial and axial loads simultaneously. It is designed with raceways that are offset relative to each other, allowing it to handle combined loads effectively. Technically, the bearing's design enables it to support loads in multiple directions, making it suitable for applications where both radial and thrust loads are present. In automotive applications, angular contact ball bearings are used in wheel hubs, transmissions, and other components that require support for combined loads. They are also used in industrial machinery like electric motors and gearboxes.
An angular contact bearing is a type of rolling element bearing that can support both radial and axial loads. It is designed with raceways that are offset relative to each other, allowing it to handle combined loads effectively. Technically, the bearing's design enables it to support loads in multiple directions, making it suitable for applications where both radial and thrust loads are present. In automotive applications, angular contact bearings are used in wheel hubs, transmissions, and other components that require support for combined loads. They are also used in industrial machinery like electric motors and gearboxes.
Angular momentum is a measure of the rotational motion of an object. It is a vector quantity that describes the amount of rotation an object has, taking into account its mass, velocity, and the radius of rotation. Technically, angular momentum is calculated as the product of the moment of inertia and the angular velocity. In mechanical engineering, angular momentum is important in the design of rotating machinery, such as turbines, gyroscopes, and flywheels. It is also a fundamental concept in the study of dynamics and control systems.
Angular velocity is a measure of the rate of change of angular position of a rotating object. It is a vector quantity that describes how quickly an object rotates around a specific axis. Technically, angular velocity is calculated as the change in angular position divided by the change in time. In mechanical engineering, angular velocity is crucial in the design and analysis of rotating machinery, such as engines, turbines, and electric motors. It is also a fundamental concept in the study of dynamics and control systems.
Anodizing is a process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts, typically aluminum. It enhances the metal's resistance to corrosion and wear. Technically, anodizing involves immersing the metal in an electrolytic solution and applying an electric current, which forms an oxide layer on the surface. In mechanical engineering, anodizing is used to treat aluminum components like engine parts, aircraft components, and consumer products. It is also used in architectural applications to protect aluminum structures from environmental damage.
An anti-friction bearing is a type of bearing designed to reduce friction between moving parts. It typically uses rolling elements like balls or rollers to minimize friction. Technically, anti-friction bearings reduce the coefficient of friction compared to sliding bearings, resulting in less heat generation and wear. In mechanical engineering, anti-friction bearings are used in a wide range of applications, including automotive engines, transmissions, and industrial machinery. They are also used in consumer products like bicycles and electric motors.
A system that prevents the wheels from locking up and skidding when braking hard or on slippery surfaces. It uses sensors, valves, and a computer to monitor and control the brake pressure on each wheel. ABS can improve the braking performance, stability, and steering of the vehicle. It can also reduce the stopping distance and the risk of accidents. For example, ABS can help the driver to avoid a collision, or maintain control of the vehicle on a wet road.
An anti-sway bar, also known as a stabilizer bar, is a component of a vehicle's suspension system that helps to reduce body roll during cornering. It is a metal rod that connects the left and right suspension components, providing additional stability. Technically, the anti-sway bar works by transferring force from one side of the vehicle to the other, counteracting the tendency of the body to roll. In automotive applications, anti-sway bars are found in the front and rear suspension systems, improving handling and ride quality. They are used in cars, trucks, and SUVs to enhance stability and control during turns.
Anti-vibration mounts are devices designed to reduce the transmission of vibrations from machinery to its supporting structure. They are typically made from materials like rubber, springs, or gel, which absorb and dissipate vibrational energy. In mechanical systems, vibrations can cause wear, noise, and reduced efficiency. Anti-vibration mounts are used in engines, compressors, and other machinery to minimize these effects. In vehicles, they are installed under the engine to reduce cabin noise and vibrations. They are also used in industrial equipment to protect sensitive components from damage.
A liquid that is added to the cooling system of the engine to lower the freezing point and raise the boiling point of the coolant. It prevents the coolant from freezing in cold weather or boiling over in hot weather. It also protects the engine from corrosion and rust. Antifreeze is usually a mixture of water and ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. For example, antifreeze can keep the engine from overheating, or prevent the pipes from bursting due to ice formation.
An anvil is a heavy, sturdy block of metal, typically made of steel, used as a workbench for forging and shaping metal. It provides a stable and durable surface for striking and forming metal objects. Technically, the anvil has a flat top surface called the face, and often features a horn (a conical projection) and a hardy hole (a square hole) for various forging operations. In blacksmithing and metalworking, anvils are essential tools used to shape metal parts, such as horseshoes, tools, and decorative items. They are found in workshops, forge shops, and industrial metalworking facilities.
An anvil is a heavy, sturdy block of metal, typically made of steel, used as a workbench for forging and shaping metal. It provides a stable and durable surface for striking and forming metal objects. Technically, the anvil has a flat top surface called the face, and often features a horn (a conical projection) and a hardy hole (a square hole) for various forging operations. In blacksmithing and metalworking, anvils are essential tools used to shape metal parts, such as horseshoes, tools, and decorative items. They are found in workshops, forge shops, and industrial metalworking facilities.
An arc welder is a device that uses an electric arc to melt and join metal pieces. It operates by creating a high-temperature arc between an electrode and the workpiece, which melts the metal and allows it to fuse. Arc welding is a common method used in construction, automotive repair, and manufacturing. Technically, the process involves a power source that generates the arc, a welding electrode, and shielding gas to protect the molten metal from contamination. In automotive workshops, arc welders are used to repair and fabricate metal parts. They are also used in shipbuilding, pipeline construction, and structural steel fabrication.
A padded support for the arm that is attached to the door panel, the center console, or the seat of the vehicle. It can provide comfort and convenience for the driver and passengers. It can also contain storage compartments, cup holders, or controls for the windows, locks, or mirrors. 
An articulated joint is a type of mechanical connection that allows for movement between two or more components. It is commonly used in robotic arms, vehicle suspensions, and other systems where flexibility and movement are required. Technically, an articulated joint consists of a pivot point or hinge that allows for rotational movement. In automotive engineering, articulated joints are used in steering systems to allow the wheels to turn while maintaining suspension alignment. They are also found in robotic systems to provide precise control of movement and positioning.
An articulated vehicle is a vehicle that consists of multiple sections connected by a pivot joint, allowing it to make tight turns. It is commonly used in buses, trucks, and other large vehicles. Technically, the articulated joint allows the vehicle to bend, improving its maneuverability in tight spaces. In transportation, articulated vehicles are used for public transit, freight transport, and specialized applications like fire trucks and mobile cranes. They are designed to provide better handling and stability while navigating tight corners.
An auger is a drilling device or tool used to create holes in various materials. It consists of a rotating helical screw blade that cuts into the material and removes it, creating a hole. Technically, the auger operates by rotating the screw blade, which drills into the material and lifts the cuttings out of the hole. In construction, augers are used to drill holes for foundations, piling, and other applications. They are also used in agriculture to drill holes for planting and in industrial processes to create precise holes in materials like wood, metal, and plastic.
A system that automatically applies the brakes when it detects an imminent collision with another vehicle, a pedestrian, or an obstacle. It uses sensors, such as radar, cameras, or lidar, to monitor the distance and speed of the objects in front of the vehicle. It can also warn the driver with audible, visual, or haptic signals before applying the brakes.
An automatic gear shifter is a component of an automatic transmission system that allows the driver to select different gear ranges. It is typically operated by a lever or buttons and is connected to the transmission control unit. Technically, the gear shifter sends signals to the transmission control unit, which then manages the gear shifts based on vehicle speed, engine load, and other factors. In automotive applications, automatic gear shifters are found in vehicles with automatic transmissions, providing a convenient and smooth driving experience.
An automatic lubrication system is a device that delivers lubricant to machinery components at regular intervals without manual intervention. It ensures that critical components are consistently lubricated, reducing wear and extending the life of the machinery. Technically, the system consists of a reservoir, pump, and distribution network that delivers lubricant to various points. In industrial applications, automatic lubrication systems are used in conveyor systems, pumps, and other machinery to ensure smooth operation. They are also used in automotive engines to lubricate critical components like the crankshaft and camshaft.
An automatic lubrication system is a device that delivers lubricant to machinery components at regular intervals without manual intervention. It ensures that critical components are consistently lubricated, reducing wear and extending the life of the machinery. Technically, the system consists of a reservoir, pump, and distribution network that delivers lubricant to various points. In industrial applications, automatic lubrication systems are used in conveyor systems, pumps, and other machinery to ensure smooth operation. They are also used in automotive engines to lubricate critical components like the crankshaft and camshaft.
A system that assists the driver in parking the vehicle by steering, braking, and accelerating automatically. It uses sensors, cameras, and a computer to scan the parking space and maneuver the vehicle into it. It can also display the parking guidance on the screen or the instrument cluster. The driver can still control the speed and direction of the vehicle by using the pedals and the gear selector.
An automatic tensioner is a device used in belt-driven systems to maintain the correct tension in the belt. It is typically a spring-loaded or hydraulic device that applies a constant force to the belt. Technically, the tensioner ensures that the belt remains taut, preventing slippage and ensuring efficient power transmission. In automotive applications, automatic tensioners are used in engine accessory drives, such as those for the alternator, water pump, and power steering pump. They are also used in industrial conveyor systems to maintain belt tension and prevent belt failure.
A type of transmission that changes the gear ratios without the driver’s input. It uses a torque converter, a hydraulic device that transfers power from the engine to the transmission, and a planetary gearset, a set of gears that can produce different gear ratios. It can also use a computer to control the shifting and optimize the performance and fuel efficiency. For example, an automatic transmission can make the driving easier and smoother, especially in stop-and-go traffic.
Automatic transmission fluid (ATF) is a specialized fluid used in automatic transmissions to provide lubrication, cooling, and hydraulic pressure. It is essential for the smooth operation of the transmission and helps to transmit power from the engine to the wheels. Technically, ATF is a multi-functional fluid that acts as a lubricant, coolant, and hydraulic fluid. It is used in the torque converter to transfer power from the engine to the transmission and in the valve body to control gear shifts. ATF is found in all vehicles with automatic transmissions, ensuring smooth gear changes and efficient power transfer.
An axial fan is a type of fan that moves air parallel to the fan's axis. It consists of a motor, blades, and a housing. Axial fans are used in various applications to provide ventilation and cooling. Technically, the motor drives the blades, which move air in a direction parallel to the fan's rotational axis. In HVAC systems, axial fans are used to circulate air and maintain comfortable indoor temperatures. They are also used in computers to cool internal components, in industrial processes to remove fumes, and in automotive radiators to cool the engine.
An axial flow compressor is a type of compressor used in gas turbines and jet engines to compress air. It consists of multiple stages of rotating and stationary blades that progressively increase the pressure of the air. Technically, the air enters the compressor axially and is compressed as it flows parallel to the axis of rotation. In aerospace engineering, axial flow compressors are found in jet engines, where they provide the high-pressure air needed for combustion. They are also used in industrial gas turbines for power generation.
An axial piston pump is a type of hydraulic pump that uses pistons arranged in a circular pattern to move fluid. It is known for its high efficiency and ability to handle high pressures. Technically, the pistons move axially in and out of a cylinder block, driven by a rotating swash plate, which creates a pulsating flow of fluid. In industrial applications, axial piston pumps are used in hydraulic systems for power transmission, such as in construction equipment, industrial presses, and mobile machinery. They are also used in automotive applications for power steering and braking systems.
A metal rod or shaft that connects the wheels on opposite sides of the vehicle and allows them to rotate. Axles can be either driven by the engine (drive axles) or free-rotating (dead axles). Axles can also be classified by their location, such as front axle, rear axle, or tandem axle.
For example, a four-wheel drive vehicle has two drive axles, one for the front wheels and one for the rear wheels.
An axle housing is a structural component that encloses and supports the axle in a vehicle or machinery. It is designed to protect the axle and its components from external elements and provide a rigid structure for mounting the wheels. Technically, the axle housing is typically made from cast iron or steel and houses the axle shafts, bearings, and differential in vehicles. In automotive applications, axle housings are found in both front and rear axles, providing support and protection for the drivetrain components. They are also used in industrial machinery to support heavy-duty axles and gears.
The ratio of the number of teeth on the ring gear of the differential to the number of teeth on the pinion gear of the driveshaft. It determines how many times the driveshaft rotates for each rotation of the wheels. A higher axle ratio means more torque and acceleration, but less top speed and fuel economy. A lower axle ratio means less torque and acceleration, but more top speed and fuel economy.
The backbone in automotive design refers to the central structural element of a vehicle’s chassis. It’s the main support structure to which other components are attached, and it provides the necessary rigidity and strength to the vehicle’s frame.The backbone in automotive design refers to the central structural element of a vehicle’s chassis. It’s the main support structure to which other components are attached, and it provides the necessary rigidity and strength to the vehicle’s frame.
The backbone in automotive design refers to the central structural element of a vehicle’s chassis. It’s the main support structure to which other components are attached, and it provides the necessary rigidity and strength to the vehicle’s frame.The backbone in automotive design refers to the central structural element of a vehicle’s chassis. It’s the main support structure to which other components are attached, and it provides the necessary rigidity and strength to the vehicle’s frame.
a ballast is an electrical device used with HID (High-Intensity Discharge) lamps to regulate the voltage and current supplied to the bulbs. It ensures that the lamps receive the correct power to operate efficiently without being damaged by voltage fluctuations. a ballast is an electrical device used with HID (High-Intensity Discharge) lamps to regulate the voltage and current supplied to the bulbs. It ensures that the lamps receive the correct power to operate efficiently without being damaged by voltage fluctuations.
The battery in an automotive context is a vital component that stores electrical energy in a chemical form to be converted back into electrical energy when needed. It’s typically a lead-acid battery and is located in the engine compartment of most vehicles. The battery provides the necessary power to start the engine and powers electrical components when the engine is off. It works by a chemical reaction between the lead plates and sulfuric acid, which creates an electrical charge.The battery in an automotive context is a vital component that stores electrical energy in a chemical form to be converted back into electrical energy when needed. It’s typically a lead-acid battery and is located in the engine compartment of most vehicles. The battery provides the necessary power to start the engine and powers electrical components when the engine is off. It works by a chemical reaction between the lead plates and sulfuric acid, which creates an electrical charge.
The battery in an automotive context is a vital component that stores electrical energy in a chemical form to be converted back into electrical energy when needed. It’s typically a lead-acid battery and is located in the engine compartment of most vehicles. The battery provides the necessary power to start the engine and powers electrical components when the engine is off. It works by a chemical reaction between the lead plates and sulfuric acid, which creates an electrical charge.The battery in an automotive context is a vital component that stores electrical energy in a chemical form to be converted back into electrical energy when needed. It’s typically a lead-acid battery and is located in the engine compartment of most vehicles. The battery provides the necessary power to start the engine and powers electrical components when the engine is off. It works by a chemical reaction between the lead plates and sulfuric acid, which creates an electrical charge.
Refers to the main structural elements of a vehicle’s chassis or the type of headlight. For example, a vehicle’s ‘crossbeam’ is a horizontal structure that adds rigidity to the chassis. In lighting, ‘high beam’ headlights offer long-range illumination, while ‘low beam’ headlights provide short-range visibility and are used to avoid blinding oncoming traffic.refers to the main structural elements of a vehicle’s chassis or the type of headlight. For example, a vehicle’s ‘crossbeam’ is a horizontal structure that adds rigidity to the chassis. In lighting, ‘high beam’ headlights offer long-range illumination, while ‘low beam’ headlights provide short-range visibility and are used to avoid blinding oncoming traffic.
Bearings in the automotive industry are components that allow constrained relative motion between two or more parts, typically rotation or linear movement. They are used in various parts of a vehicle, including the wheels, engine, and transmission. Bearings reduce friction and wear, support loads, and help maintain the alignment of moving parts.Bearings in the automotive industry are components that allow constrained relative motion between two or more parts, typically rotation or linear movement. They are used in various parts of a vehicle, including the wheels, engine, and transmission. Bearings reduce friction and wear, support loads, and help maintain the alignment of moving parts.
Belts are used to transfer power from the engine to various components such as the alternator, water pump, power steering pump, and air conditioning compressor. The most common types are the serpentine belt, which is a single, continuous belt that winds through multiple pulleys, and the timing belt, which synchronizes the rotation of the crankshaft and camshaft.belts are used to transfer power from the engine to various components such as the alternator, water pump, power steering pump, and air conditioning compressor. The most common types are the serpentine belt, which is a single, continuous belt that winds through multiple pulleys, and the timing belt, which synchronizes the rotation of the crankshaft and camshaft.
A blower refers to a supercharger, which is a device that forces more air into the engine’s combustion chamber, increasing power and efficiency. It can also refer to the fan that blows air through the vehicle’s HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system. A blower in automotive terms usually refers to a supercharger, which is a device that forces more air into the engine’s combustion chamber, increasing power and efficiency. It can also refer to the fan that blows air through the vehicle’s HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system.
Bodywork refers to the exterior panels that make up the vehicle’s shape and form the passenger compartment. It includes the hood, roof, doors, trunk, and fenders. The bodywork is designed to be aerodynamic, aesthetically pleasing, and to provide protection to passengers in the event of a collision.Bodywork refers to the exterior panels that make up the vehicle’s shape and form the passenger compartment. It includes the hood, roof, doors, trunk, and fenders. The bodywork is designed to be aerodynamic, aesthetically pleasing, and to provide protection to passengers in the event of a collision.
A bolt is a type of fastener used to hold components together in the automotive industry. It consists of a head and a threaded shaft and is typically used with a nut. Bolts are made from various materials and are used in all areas of a vehicle, from the engine to the chassis.A bolt is a type of fastener used to hold components together in the automotive industry. It consists of a head and a threaded shaft and is typically used with a nut. Bolts are made from various materials and are used in all areas of a vehicle, from the engine to the chassis.
The term ‘boot’ has two meanings in the automotive world. In British English, it refers to the storage area at the rear of the car, known as the trunk in American English. In a mechanical context, a boot is a protective cover made of rubber or plastic, such as those found on the CV (constant velocity) joints or the base of the suspension struts. The term ‘boot’ has two meanings in the automotive world. In British English, it refers to the storage area at the rear of the car, known as the trunk in American English. In a mechanical context, a boot is a protective cover made of rubber or plastic, such as those found on the CV (constant velocity) joints or the base of the suspension struts.
It is a support component that holds other parts in place. Brackets can be found throughout a vehicle, securing everything from the engine and transmission to smaller components like sensors and wiring harnesses. is a support component that holds other parts in place. Brackets can be found throughout a vehicle, securing everything from the engine and transmission to smaller components like sensors and wiring harnesses.
Brakes are crucial safety features in vehicles, designed to slow down or stop a car by applying friction. There are two main types: disc brakes and drum brakes. Disc brakes, located at each wheel, use brake pads to squeeze a spinning disc, or rotor, to create friction and slow the vehicle. Drum brakes have brake shoes that press outwards against a spinning drum. The brake system also includes a master cylinder, brake lines, and often an anti-lock braking system (ABS) to prevent skidding.Brakes are crucial safety features in vehicles, designed to slow down or stop a car by applying friction. There are two main types: disc brakes and drum brakes. Disc brakes, located at each wheel, use brake pads to squeeze a spinning disc, or rotor, to create friction and slow the vehicle. Drum brakes have brake shoes that press outwards against a spinning drum. The brake system also includes a master cylinder, brake lines, and often an anti-lock braking system (ABS) to prevent skidding.
A bumper is a structure attached to or integrated with the front and rear ends of a vehicle, designed to absorb impact in a minor collision, ideally minimizing repair costs and protecting pedestrians. Bumpers are usually made of steel, aluminum, rubber, or plastic. They often house safety features like parking sensors and are designed to match the vehicle’s aesthetic.A bumper is a structure attached to or integrated with the front and rear ends of a vehicle, designed to absorb impact in a minor collision, ideally minimizing repair costs and protecting pedestrians. Bumpers are usually made of steel, aluminum, rubber, or plastic. They often house safety features like parking sensors and are designed to match the vehicle’s aesthetic.
Bushings are small rubber or polyurethane components used in a vehicle’s suspension system. They are typically found at pivot points, like where the control arms or stabilizer bars connect to the vehicle’s frame. Bushings act as cushions and reduce friction between moving parts, providing a smoother ride and better handling by absorbing shocks and vibrations.Bushings are small rubber or polyurethane components used in a vehicle’s suspension system. They are typically found at pivot points, like where the control arms or stabilizer bars connect to the vehicle’s frame. Bushings act as cushions and reduce friction between moving parts, providing a smoother ride and better handling by absorbing shocks and vibrations.
A catalytic converter is an essential emissions control device in a vehicle's exhaust system that reduces harmful pollutants before they exit the tailpipe. It contains a honeycomb-like ceramic or metallic structure coated with precious metals (platinum, palladium, and rhodium), which act as catalysts to trigger chemical reactions. As exhaust gases pass through, the converter transforms carbon monoxide (CO) into carbon dioxide (CO₂), hydrocarbons (HC) into water (H₂O) and CO₂, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into nitrogen (N₂) and oxygen (O₂). Modern vehicles typically use a three-way catalytic converter that handles all three pollutants simultaneously. Located between the exhaust manifold and the muffler, it relies on high temperatures (400–600°F) for optimal efficiency, which is why short trips may reduce its effectiveness. Failure symptoms include rotten egg smells, rattling noises (from a broken internal substrate), or illuminated check engine lights (often P0420/P0430 codes). Because it contains valuable metals, catalytic converters are frequent targets for theft, particularly in hybrid vehicles where the metals remain less contaminated. Proper maintenance—addressing engine misfires promptly and using unleaded fuel exclusively, helps prolong its lifespan, which typically ranges from 80,000 to 100,000 miles. Replacement is costly (3,000) due to the precious metals, but it’s often required to pass emissions testing. Some high-performance or off-road vehicles use "test pipes" to bypass converters, but this is illegal for street use in most regions.
